This article is about the structure. For four-limbed vertebrates, see Tetrapod. Storaged blocksIn coastal engineering, a Tetrapod is a four-legged concrete structure used as armour unit on breakwaters. The Tetrapod's shape is designed to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against it, and to reduce displacement by allowing a random distribution of Tetrapods to mutually interlock. Earlier barrier material used in breakwaters, such as boulders and conventional concrete blocks, tended to become dislodged over time by the force of the ocean constantly crashing against them. Tetrapods and similar structures are often numbered so any displacement that occurs can be monitored through satellite photographs. The unit was originally developed in 1950 by Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique in Grenoble, France (now Sogreah ). They are no longer protected by a patent, and are widely used all over the world, produced by many contractors. Tetrapods are most famously used in Crescent City, CA where they protect the city residents from future tsunamis.
台灣的海岸,長一千六百公里,早已被破壞不堪了。岸邊建設好像沒有經過整體生態或水利評估,橫七豎八,一片亂象。 一次我與一位生物學教授去澎湖旅遊,早上十點我們到岸上散步,岸是新鋪的水泥,像高速公路,熱太陽下,我們是岸上唯一的行人,剛好是漲潮時候,一寸寸海水緩緩歸來,碰到發燙的水泥堤,水泥熱量立刻釋放到水中,不知道水溫升高好多,我當時在想,海中浮游生物和小魚、小蝦們如何來適應驟升的水溫?時值春末,水中當然有千千萬萬的幼虫,它們又怎麼適應?這一片海邊濕地生態一定改樣了。 我問朋友:「是誰建了這麼長的水泥岸?這不是商港,也不是軍港,防什麼波浪?」我的朋友想了很久才說:「政府建的,像這樣的海堤是政績證明,不是需要不需要,水泥地上可以簽字表揚。」
全球找不到像台灣這樣,讓水泥廠橫跨最美的太魯閣公園內外。水泥廠長年挖山取石來燒水泥,光是空氣污染、酸雨量有增無減這一點,已備受垢病了。公園最大的外國客源是日本觀光客,但近年已呈下降趨勢,空污和景觀的影響,思過半矣。水泥業乃觀光業之鈠手,不辯自明。 眾所周知,水泥是耗水、耗電又高污染的產業,號稱『夕陽工業』,偏偏在台灣是『不落的太陽』。它的兩大產品,對台灣已變成『不可承受之重』。 產品之一的水泥可用於修築公路。這就形成多產多挖山,多產多築路,多銷多賺錢,納稅人蓋的蘇花高竟然成了水泥業主『無本卻萬利』的產業項目。國道高工局預估,公路經費高達九百六十二億之鉅,光是混凝土業就有一百億的商機。 產品之二是護堤用的消波塊,被放置於海岸和沙灘上,如今遍佈台灣島海岸,破壞景觀,莫此為甚。更可怕的是,這種號稱『水泥肉粽』的怪物並不能長期阻攔海岸沖刷,平均五年就會被海水沖陷,於是又繼續投放,如此週而復始,台灣變成了名實相符的『水泥堡島』。 水泥廠蓋在國家公園內,蘇花高也經過國家公園,箇中玄妙盡在不言中。如果『繁榮地方經濟』只肥了少收財團,卻造成自然景觀的破壞,並為地方帶來污染災害,當政者不該三思而後行嗎? 我們應該維護天生麗質的自然景觀,而非縱容水泥為主的礦業成為花蓮永續經營的產業,道理至為淺顯。